By Cheryl Pellerin
DoD News, Defense Media Activity
WASHINGTON, Nov. 20, 2014 - Soldiers, military scientists and Defense Department civilians are on the ground in West Africa to help stop history's largest Ebola outbreak, and now innovators at the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency are turning their job of changing what's possible to the fight against infectious diseases.
During an interview at the Defense One Summit here yesterday, DARPA Director Dr. Arati Prabhakar spoke with Defense One technology editor Patrick Tucker about the potential of synthetic biology to contribute to national security.
"What's happening today broadly in biology is the intersection of this scientific field with physical science and engineering and information technology," Prabhakar explained, adding that DARPA itself is doing "a handful of things" in biology.
Synthetic Biology
Synthetic biology is an emerging interdisciplinary field that uses advanced science and engineering to make or redesign living organisms such as bacteria or cells so they can carry out specific functions. Synthetic biology involves making new DNA, or genetic code, that doesn't naturally exist in nature.
Prabhakar calls synthetic biology a dream that people in the field have had for several years.
"Because of the advances in areas like genetic sequencing, we are now starting to have the ability to engineer microorganisms so that cells in culture can do new things, produce whole new chemistries -- whole new materials," she said.
And when biologists dream of the potential of synthetic biology, "what we dream about is highly energetic materials or new fuels, new therapeutics, new ways to deal with infectious disease, materials with new mechanical properties that we've never been able to invent before," Prabhakar added, noting that the technological capability to do such work is rudimentary today.
Building Tools and Capabilities
It can cost hundreds of millions of dollars to do even simple genetic modifications of cells, she said, so a major focus of the synthetic biology work at DARPA is to build tools and capabilities to accelerate the field.
"One part of our program is called 1000 Molecules, and it's really a challenge for the community to show us brand-new chemistries -- new molecules that no one's been able to make before," she said.
During a 1000 Molecules Proposers' Day in July 2013, DARPA encouraged potential proposers to "enable transformative and currently inaccessible projects across chemicals, materials, sensing capabilities and therapeutics."
"We're going to find out [if they can]," Prabhakar said, "but it's very early."
Applications for Infectious Disease
The director said some of the earliest real applications in synthetic biology will involve infectious diseases.
"As an example, our work on infectious disease harvests from the work that's going on in synthetic biology, and applies it to this problem," she said.
Today everyone is aware of what's going on with Ebola virus disease, Prabhakar said, "but in fact, that's just one example in a long series of infectious diseases that flare up in some part of the world."
"Today when [an infectious disease] flares up, it globalizes because of travel and the world we live in," she added. "That's just going to be part of our future."
The Dark Side of Synthetic Biology
Prabhakar said the question DARPA researchers have been asking is for naturally occurring infectious disease threats, but that it also recognizes there's a darker side of synthetic biology.
"Over time, [synthetic biology] is going to become a tool I think that adversaries can use or terrorists might be able to use to engineer microorganisms to do bad things," the director added.
The 1000 Molecules effort is part of a DARPA program called Living Foundries, whose goal is to leverage the synthetic and functional capabilities of biology to create a revolutionary, biologically based manufacturing platform for novel materials, sensing capabilities and therapeutics.
Transforming Biology
Living Foundries, DARPA officials said, seeks to transform biology into an engineering practice by developing the tools, technologies, methodologies and infrastructure to speed the biological design-build-test-learn cycle and expand the complexity of systems that can be engineered.
Another part of Living Foundries, called Advanced Tools and Capabilities for Generalizable Platforms, began in 2012 and focuses on developing next-generation tools and technologies for engineering biological systems. Its goal is to compress the biological design-build-test-learn cycle by at least 10 times in time and cost as it creates more complex systems.
For the Defense Department, synthetic biology and its promise for infectious diseases are tools for national security and readiness, officials said.
Who You Gonna Call?
Prabhakar said the Army understands the need for such tools because soldiers are on the ground dealing with Ebola, and that it matters to DoD for several reasons, No. 1 being that "when there are problems in the world, guess who often gets called on to go deal with them?"
Dealing with infectious diseases also is a readiness issue, she said.
When pandemic H1N1 was sweeping the world in 2009, the director said, "people were trying to figure out what it meant for readiness -- just the fact that we didn't know who was infected with H1N1 or [a milder] seasonal flu. We're living in a fog about that."
In the future, whether it's naturally occurring or a manipulated threat, she said, "we want the ability to collapse the time it takes for us to respond to an infectious disease and outpace its spread."
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